Comparative study of multi-physics generated small dipoles in conducting media

In this paper we present the results of a study electronically and mechanically generated transverse magnetic (TM) electric (TE) dipoles in lossy environment, so that antenna design guidelines may be established at system level. At far-zone, ratio $$|\frac{E}{H}|:= \eta _0$$ is intrinsic impedance, they are identical for TM its dual TE dipoles. Nonetheless, near-zone behaves drastically different between TE. We derived closed form expressions Ohmic loss spherical shell (SLS) first time, yielding precise radiation efficiency $$\eta _r$$ accurate computations. For electrically small dipole normalized half dipole-length $$|ka|\ll 1$$ , analytic show proportional to $$|ka|^3$$ dipole, |ka| respectively. Consequently, can better than two three orders magnitude under seawater communication. The time-domain energy flow velocity (EFV) patterns always radiation-dominating, either lossless or medium. Numerical reveal spinning smaller size weight but it requires more operation power, compared electromagnetic counter-partners. Finally, design, tuning impedance matching low-profile outlined.